Geography[edit]
Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay, which is an inlet of the Java Sea. It is one of the only two Asian capital cities which located on southern hemisphere (another one is Dili, capital of Timor Leste). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 662 km2 (256 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km2 (2,694 sq mi) of sea area.[53] The Thousand Islands, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.
Jakarta lies in a low, flat basin, ranged from −2 to 50 metres (−7 to 164 ft) with average elevation 8 metres (26 ft) above sea level;[citation needed] 40% of Jakarta, particularly the northern areas, is below sea level,[54] while the southern parts are comparatively hilly. Rivers flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, across the city northwards towards the Java Sea; the most important[clarification needed] is the Ciliwung River, which divides the city into the western and eastern principalities. Other rivers include thePesanggrahan, and Sunter.
All these rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding. Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 centimetres each year, even up to 20 centimetres in the northern coastal areas. To help cope with the threat from the sea, the Netherlands will give $4 million for a feasibility study to build a dike around Jakarta Bay. The ring dike will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater. Additionally, the dike will function as a toll road. The project will be built by 2025.[55] In January 2014, Central Government agreed to build 2 dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 kilometres tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease Jakarta floods. Construction costs will be paid by Central Government, but land acquisitions is responsibility of Jakarta Authority.[56] Nowadays, an 1.27 kilometre with capacity 60 cubic meters per second underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and East Flood Canal is being worked to ease Ciliwung River overflows.[57]
Climate[edit]
Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) according to the Köppen climate classification system. The wet season in Jakarta covers the majority of the year, running from October through May. The remaining four months (June through September) constitute the city's drier season (each of these 4 months has an average monthly rainfall of less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in)). Located in the western part of Java, Jakarta's wet season rainfall peak is January and February with average monthly rainfall of 299.7 millimetres (11.80 in), and its dry season low point is August with a monthly average of 43.2 mm (1.70 in).
| [hide]Climate data for Halim Perdanakusuma Airport, Jakarta, Indonesia (temperature: 1924–1994, precipitation: 1931–1994) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.3 (91.9) | 32.8 (91) | 33.3 (91.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | 33.3 (91.9) | 34.4 (93.9) | 35.6 (96.1) | 35.6 (96.1) | 35.6 (96.1) | 35.6 (96.1) | 33.9 (93) | 35.6 (96.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 28.9 (84) | 28.9 (84) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.0 (86) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.0 (86) | 30.0 (86) | 30.6 (87.1) | 31.1 (88) | 31.1 (88) | 30.6 (87.1) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.1 (86.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.1 (79) | 26.1 (79) | 26.4 (79.5) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.2 (81) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.2 (81) | 27.0 (80.6) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.7 (80.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.9 (75) | 23.9 (75) | 23.3 (73.9) | 22.8 (73) | 22.8 (73) | 22.8 (73) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.3 (73.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 21.1 (70) | 19.4 (66.9) | 19.4 (66.9) | 19.4 (66.9) | 18.9 (66) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.0 (68) | 19.4 (66.9) | 18.9 (66) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 299.7 (11.799) | 299.7 (11.799) | 210.8 (8.299) | 147.3 (5.799) | 132.1 (5.201) | 96.5 (3.799) | 63.5 (2.5) | 43.2 (1.701) | 66.0 (2.598) | 111.8 (4.402) | 142.2 (5.598) | 203.2 (8) | 1,816 (71.495) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 85 | 83 | 82 | 82 | 81 | 78 | 76 | 75 | 77 | 81 | 82 | 80.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189 | 182 | 239 | 255 | 260 | 255 | 282 | 295 | 288 | 279 | 231 | 220 | 2,975 |
| Source #1: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[58] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Danish Meteorological Institute (humidity and sun only)[59] | |||||||||||||
Culture[edit]
As the economic and political capital of Indonesia, Jakarta attracts many domestic immigrants who bring their various languages, dialects, foods and customs.
The "Betawi" (Orang Betawi, or "people of Batavia") are the descendants of the people living in and around Batavia, and recognised as an ethnic group from around the 18th–19th century. The Betawi people are mostly descended from various Southeast-Asian ethnic groups brought or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs, and include people from different parts of Indonesia.[60] The language and Betawi culture are distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese, forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. The language is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Minangkabau, Chinese, and Arabic. Nowadays, the Jakarta dialect (Bahasa Jakarta), used as a street language by people in Jakarta, is loosely based on the Betawi language.
Betawi arts have a low profile in Jakarta, and most Betawi have moved to the suburbs of Jakarta, displaced by new migrants. It is easier to find Java or Minang based wedding ceremonies rather than Betawi weddings in Jakarta. It is easier to find Javanese Gamelan instead of Tanjidor (a mixture between Betawi and Portuguese music), Marawis (a mixture between Betawi and Yemeni music) or Gambang Kromong (a mixture between Betawi and Chinese music). Chinese also had influenced Betawi culture, such as the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, firecrackers, to Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences.
However, some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival or Kemang Festival include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to give performances.[61] Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art centre in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakartanear Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including Wayang and Gamelan performances. JavaneseWayang Orang performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata theatre near Senen bus terminal. As the country's largest city and capital, Jakarta has lured much national and regional talent who hope to find a greater audience and more opportunities for success.
Jakarta hosts several prestigious art and culture festivals, and exhibitions, such as the annual Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarta Fair, Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at Lapangan Banteng Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. The Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is largely centred around a trade fair. However, this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians.
Several foreign art and culture centres are also established in Jakarta, and mainly serve to promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries, and art galleries. Among these foreign art and cultural centres are China Confucius Institute, Netherlands Erasmus Huis, UK British Council, France Centre Culturel Français, Germany Goethe-Institut, Japan Foundation, and the Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Centre.
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